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When Putin decided on February 24, 2022 to seize - in a few days, he thought - Kiev and the rest of Ukraine, he was far from thinking that Europeans would be united in the face of this unprecedented aggression since the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and the subsequent invasions of the last world war.

In his article entitled “The End of History” published in 1989 after the fall of the Soviet bloc, Francis Fukuyama stated that liberal democracies had definitively wan over monarchy, fascism and communism. He argued that they had rang the death knell of all anti-democratic ideologies and thus constituted “the final form of human government”. Thirty years later, this assertion is put into question. Attacks against democracies from outside as well as from inside have never been as violent as they are now.